School Of "Stand Up Paddle (SUP)

Monday, October 26, 2009

Crab Mallets Engraved

principle. CAMILO HENRIQUEZ

LITERACY AS A PRINCIPLE.

essential tool of non-violence is education, and this literacy. In our countries of America alone has advanced to about the last fifty years is Cuba, which has the least number of illiterates (a rate of less than four percent consists of over sixty years). Fidel Castro has written more than any other Latin American politician, has been addressed in almost all common forms and used others beyond us. A few years ago, the project officer of one of the movie studios to soil type in North America who spoke to me telling me that would communicate with me some people who wanted to hire me to write a screenplay based on the life of Alina Fernandez, Fidel Castro's rebellious daughter, who lives in Miami, and whose history had for a film projected internationally. That's how I talked, and before deciding, I asked you to send me information material they had: I did get the published version of the memoirs of Alina, published by Plaza & Janes (1997, 258 pages), and a copy of original version the author had given, which were about a thousand pages in total. I read the material and I proposed a questionnaire that they make to Alina, stating some things that were related above all to reassert historical dates and events in which he starred. A few days later, I did get about eight hours of recording answering my questions, which could see her complete willingness to respond in the fullest way possible how many references we need to write the script.
Then I visited Cuba to walk the streets that portrays Alina. I applied a few days there on my free will, to try to stop any foreign power that would take away from my only wish to visit Havana to walk more than anything else, let me be in it beyond a couple of obligations to open my eyes to portray what closely as possible a corner a place, a plaza or the Malecon. I had the great honor to meet Natalia Revuelta, one of the queen mothers of the Cuban Revolution: I talked to her once, a couple of hours, more than enough to understand why this woman has been the most steadfast love in the life of Fidel Castro. The mother of Alina Fernandez, "Naty" as they say in Cuba, is exceptional and of course never sufficiently recognized: the end his family contacts being educated aristocratic ancestry, and jewels, shaped the first revolutionary acts. Not for nothing, multilingual lawyer by profession and it was she who provided food and books sent to Fidel few times this should escape Sierra o estuvo en la cárcel. Con una mirada penetrante de sus ojos verdes muy claros, perfectamente arreglada con sus labios de rojo carmesí, “parece una fuerza de la naturaleza” como la define Alina en sus Memorias, vestida de blanco impecable, Natalia Revuelta dijo: “A mi edad, he cumplido ochenta años, puedo decir que siempre he sido algo más que la amante de Fidel y la madre de su hija Alina. Para Fidel su proyecto revolucionario siempre estuvo sobre su vida personal. Y en cierta medida, para mi también ha sido así: me lo saqué del corazón y lo puse en mi cabeza; ahora lo veo como un ser de gran dimensión al que sigo respetando. Soy cubana, por eso soy una mujer resistente, porque los cubanos we have resisted it. I have worked as I could for my country's revolution, if born again, would do the same. And, as I'm concerned if we waited more than fifty years for us to lift the international blockade, well we can wait another fifty, which has prevented us from selling the fruit of our land and our work, denying supplies to decrease monetary and real wages, "to bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government", which are official words that you recite an official document of 1960.
Natalia Revuelta referred to a memorandum from the U.S. government declassified
in 1991, and describes the objective Finally the embargo or blockade against the island. In the document, the April 6, 1960, a year before the invasion organized by the United States against Cuba, the then Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs, Lester DeWitt Mallory, wrote the following, discussed in a meeting chaired by then-President Dwight D. Eisenhower: "There is no effective political opposition in Cuba, so the only predictable measure we have today to alienate internal support for the Revolution is through disenchantment and disaffection based on economic dissatisfaction and hardship. Any means should be undertaken promptly to weaken the life Cuba's economy. Denying money and supplies to Cuba, to decrease monetary and real wages, to bring about hunger, desperation and overthrow of government. " It was the same tactic to destroy the functions of the government of Salvador Allende used against Chile, where, for example, food shortages and black markets emerged immediately. It is under this policy of blockading the island they were born and have lived two-thirds of the Cuban population, who have had to suffer, survive and grow under particularly difficult conditions imposed by the superpowers seeking the annihilation of the resistance and that has to be an example of strength, dignity and sovereignty of the Cuban nation, and in November 2008, a resolution condemning the blockade, which since 1992 has Cuba to the United Nations General Assembly obtained an unprecedented vote: 185 votes in favor, with votes against U.S., Israel and Palau. But the UN is a legend, not an obligation.
For Natalia Revuelta, "in Cuba has developed the most violent ideological machinery of contemporary history, more than half a century of suffering and systematic killings of children and innocent people, by the deprivation of drugs, raw materials, technology and General conditions for international terrorism have been deployed in the territory Cuban other nations. But Cubans are the only Latin Americans who have no starving children, or living on the street, or eating from the garbage. We have about ninety-five percent of the literate population, with virtually 100 percent of children attending school, which is a Cuban achievement to the world, although my relations with the regime are not the best, with the educational revolution remain intact. I have told them that there is inability to solve problems, accept that we made mistakes. There are things that need improvement. Free education, free medicine, free housing, but how much does a Cuban national currency? Almost nothing. For example, a person with a university degree, a doctor, a specialist in treating very well prepared ... children, earns less than twenty dollars a month. It is true that the conditions in which we hope to prevent a better life. Any working person could aspire to a better life, with dedication and sacrifice, but in the hope of a better life. In fifty years of the Cuban people's revolutionary government has access to everything for free, in exchange for their work that is paid a paltry salary. No way out until we can sell and move freely with the world. Fidel told me it was a time of change, which could lift the borders and who wanted to leave or enter so, much has been done and it must recognize the world, but it would be nice to expand freedoms for private development, I told them exploit the tourism in our beautiful island, but they said they should remain faithful to his position and never doblegarían to capitalism. And he fell out with me. I had to laugh, never fear. In 1994 something happened that bothered me. As always Moncada fighter went to the acts of July 26 as such, but this year one person told me to wait in the chair while the other fighters appeared down the stairs. I asked why. "These are the instructions, mate," he said. But I had gone there to be with my mates and not just to sit in the chair, so I broke the invitation before his eyes and I was not more. I hardly go out, but I hear radio and watch TV. Still, at the bottom of my heart I feel that we fought alone, we are a people who sacrificed lives believing that the most valuable is human dignity above all things. But I also feel that our ash has to spring a possible idea for a new civilization, just and fair for everyone. "
I walked freely in the streets of Havana. I accompanied the last four days two friends who traveled from Mexico to look behind me, as I noticed when I told them the project considered not exactly an easy project to confront, and fear, then I would confess when they came to Havana, I was exposed to danger when alone. I must say that having friends is a priceless treasure, and to whom I refer are to me a gift of God on Earth. I could give them a taste of pleasure as healthy as you open wide the windows of the Hotel Ambos Mundos, for invading left early in the breeze from the bay, while climbing from the hazy silhouette of the Cathedral of Havana in the room 511 of the hotel on Obispo Street in the historic center, "that Ernest Hemingway himself had described as" a good place to write, "and then go walking around steps to El Floridita, to test the daiquiris Dad, and follow a pleasant stroll along the cobbled streets to the mojitos in La Bodeguita de Enmedio, and happy in the world out on the streets smelling of coffee and snuff, singing loudly. Nobody ever bothered us. Not a police or a neighbor approached if it was not required to answer our questions in an address or enter a site. I should note here that my affectionate disposition to the island came from before: two dear friends had taught me to love Cuba as a land of their own: the first actor Frank Moro, who made an important career in Mexico and the United States, who no longer is with us, and whose friendship I was honored, and Ninon Sevilla, which is, I believe, the highest star that brings Cuba to world cinema, and maintains a current career in telenovelas. With Ninon are friends many years ago when I came to live in Mexico hired by Vogue magazine, she found the apartment that would be my home for many years in the corners of London and Denmark in the Federal District, from the beginning was Ninon protective of my tale, and remains so until now. Then, when I visited Cuba as he trod the earth knowing they were born people whose proximity has been a blessing in my life.
confessed to friends that I complicated the writing of this script, despite I had two compelling reasons to accept: Alina Fernandez never referred evil Fidel Castro, who as far as I was concerned in the historical context was the main character of the script, and second, by itself, because I think Alina is a personality beyond being the daughter of Fidel, and rescuing the facts of his life in Cuba where he spent most of his life, his way did his best for his people, which was blocked twice: by the conditions embargoed the island and by the secret police that her father always imposed following their footsteps. But I knew I had to face my own conscience to portray to the world a critical historical period of our civilization. Following the wishes of my heart I decided to give the decision to God and put myself in His hands. It was then that agent studies in Hollywood called me quite disheartened to report that Alina Fernandez was finally ceded the rights of their reports to Artist Relations Group, a new set of films that began auditioning and public relations for film industry thanking my willingness to see the material and travel to the island, which for them meant a loss of investment and time, and for me it was a unique experience.
Anyway, I should say here that in any country I have met in classrooms with more communist academic in the United States. I have come to believe that if sometime in the future communism is reborn as a government system, perfected, including its Christian roots, that country is America, where today there are at least the most important thinkers in this regard. Of course more people are graded utopia possible classless society. But some people really believe it is possible a state of affairs and a means to live where there is no domination or exploitation or any form of violence, a society in which everyone is free to search and choose the full development of the person inspired by mutual respect . Of course, saying "violence is the motor of human history is a Marxist idea obsolete and could not reach the final state of non-violence desired by Marx, as his thesis of class struggle. It is clear that the current systems that rely on Marx and closely correspond to their own desires. Because the ultimate goal of Marx and Engels was non-violence as the only solution designed to achieve full development, a goal that excuse the violence to reach a state of non-violence which is the ultimate idea of \u200b\u200bman as the end of history This has always been a vague idea for those who have followed what inspired books like "The Communist Manifesto" and "The Capital", and now fighting a new dimension in the international level, by the opposition of "developing", considered to be exploited by the international capitalist bourgeoisie "developed."
In the nearest future that far, thanks to the global connectivity network which has enabled the Internet, without a doubt to be flourishing more strongly the ideal of a classless society, in the sense that, in the words of Engels, is to develop the productive forces "at its best" to make it possible to involve all members of human society in the production benefits of civilization and culture, with equal opportunities for all and adequate participation and fair to all in the social product and the direction (in the economic and political), which is not noble who inherits a title but he behaves as such. Led by what Marx explained as a state agency in a classless society, fully subordinated to all human society and its service and its common good. Something, of course, now more than ever, at least technically, we are prepared to understand when we are notified by the virtual network.
If the error of Marx and Engels was supporting violence if necessary to reach non-violence, so instead of bringing them closer to their desires away, it is said by Jesus that "he who uses the sword, dies by the sword " others are frankly violence as a means of action, citing, for example, anarchism, which is a group with a strict internal organization that proclaims itself to be an anarchist, and other groups considered revolutionary left or right as gentrified. " Thus, not lack of a public identity that have been posted to be anarchists almost all the revolutionary groups, left or right, who use violence to achieve their goals .. With previous thinkers and activists such as William Godwin and Gustavo de Molinari,
anarchism developed in the nineteenth century, first with the work of Pierre-Joseph Proudon, then reaching the expanded and strengthened Initial discussions at the First Communist International, especially with the militancy and the thought of Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876) and Peter Kropotkin (1842-1921). The latter was a theorist who advocated a communist-style social organization, but no statewide organization. The inspiring true consideration of anarchism is Bakunin, who was later excluded from the Communist International by Marx himself, as opposed to violent action anarchist radicalism that has spread a little everywhere. In the Americas
anarchism has native precursors such as Henry David Thoreau (1817-1852) and others,
that form a market-individualist tradition will then contact European ideas, then and migration-related European socialist anarchist event in North America gives pioneer of May 1, 1886, which until now celebrated as Labor Day. Henry David Thoreau raises in 1848 in his "Civil Disobedience" a thesis that will take you to jail for inciting civil disobedience in an impassioned plea for individual rights against state power, arguing that "those who disapprove character and procedures of a government and yet they pay their membership and support are undoubtedly its most conscientious support and therefore the most serious obstacle to any reform. " Maintains a certain sense even in becoming imprisoned for challenging injustice: "there must be to stop the runaway slave, the Mexican prisoner on parole, and the Indian who comes to denounce abuses committed against his race and will be confined in a more free and honorable, where the state makes those who are not with him in jail is the only resort in a slave state where a free man can preserve his honor. If anyone thinks that their influence would be lost there and that his voice would not reach to reach the ears of the State or would not be considered an enemy within its walls, it is because there will come to see how far the truth is stronger than error, nor how much more capable of fighting injustice is one that has suffered in his own person. We must not settle to cast a ballot in the ballot box: we have to reinforce what we want with all our conviction. A minority is made to matter when the majority opinion (which is not even a minority), but it is irresistible when it loads all his weight on the scale. If you put the state in the dilemma of incarcerating all men of integrity, or give up war and slavery, the State will not hesitate which to prefer. "
Anarchists have a strong influence of Jean Jacques Rousseau (1713-1788), when he says that the individual is good for nature and society (or the state and its institutions) who destroys his happiness. States that occur in society, the man begins to lose freedom and inequalities begin to gain ground in establishing the property right and authority to safeguard it. In that society is a hoax, supposedly men unite to defend the weak but in reality what they do, is to defend the interests of the wealthy. States that the first step is the transformation of the individual through education. He preaches a new kind of social contract to return to man his 'natural' state without implying cease to belong to a community social contract based on the establishment of "a form (...) partnership whereby each to join everyone, not follow, however, only himself and remains as free as before. " It is a covenant community with the individual and the individual and the community. Each partner is attached to everybody and nobody in particular. This agreement creates the "general will" that is neither arbitrary nor one with the sum of the selfish desires of the individual wills of individuals. Then comes the concept of sovereignty, which embodies the general will, which is inalienable, never delegated, and the government is merely an enforcer of law emanating from the general will, and can always be replaced. Rousseau understood to establish this same way, popular sovereignty and individual liberty. Because, when you contract with the community, each individual is also carrying out a contract with yourself, while bowing to the "general will" is following his own will. Rousseau was the most influential illustrated the ideals that ignited the French Revolution of 1789, and nineteenth-century communists and the anarchists who rescued him his belief that the greatest achievement of humanity is the individual's freedom to to speak and act without being able to prevent any form, whether earthly or supernatural, so call abate any type of government, fight against all organized religion or sect, as they represent the contempt for the autonomy of men and economic slavery. They point out that fighting the state as an entity that represses the real economic and personal freedom of all citizens becomes an immediate need and the disappearance of any government is considered a revolutionary goal in the short term. Original anarchist doctrine imposed to limit its action only forgotten by the self-proclaimed anarchist groups: the prohibition on causing harm to other human beings, and this limitation comes another basic ideological assumption is forgotten in the groups using the name of anarchists : if anyone tries to harm human others, all well-meaning individuals have the right to organize against him.
In South America Anarchism spread by European immigrants arrived in Buenos Aires, among those highlighted EricC Malatesta and Pietro Gori. In 1890, the English immigrant Manuel Chinchilla created the first anarchist organizations among the workers typographers of Valparaiso and Santiago de Chile. Initially the organization was not conceived as a mere tool in the fight against the bosses, but also as true people's university, where they studied, practiced and solidarity which prefigured the world we wanted to live. In Chile, in Santiago had an immediate apprehension, joining anarchists teachers speaking loudly talking with neighbors in the Plaza de Armas, located in the opposite direction occupied by chess players, customs hitherto kept extended to the first street to the corner Ahumada Orphans . In this context of organization and agitation, the first born anarchist activity centers, that encourage popular universities such as the Center of Studies 'Rebellion', the first Chilean newspaper editors openly anarchist, "The Rebel" in 1898, which begins publication Anarchist news pioneer, as the anarchist, The Campaign, Agitation, The Torch, The Dawn ... In 1908, in Antofagasta, is grouped Center Social Studies "Luz y Vida", which will publish its information with the same name until 1917. In 1911 appears the other half of anarchist influence in Valparaiso, called "The Battle." Later it appears "The Verba Roja" (1918), and countless newspapers anarchist influence unions, which some explain as being the pioneer printers guild anarchists in Chile, from the very influence of Friar Camilo Henríquez, editor of "The Aurora de Chile ", whose writings so far are historical readings anarchists.
(Excerpt from "Perspectives of Non-Violence")
(c) Waldemar Verdugo Fuentes, 2009

Saturday, October 24, 2009

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FRAY, THE OTHER

CAMILO HENRIQUEZ FRAY, THE ADVANCE.

In "Essay on the life and writings of Camilo Henríquez" authored by Luis Montt, is told from a child who showed Fray Camilo inclination to study, and a pensive and melancholy character, his parents took as a sign of religious vocation that is why at age 9 are admitted to study at school Karolinska Santiago. In 1784 when I was fifteen, a maternal uncle's religious order of St. Camillus, called the Good Death, managed to be sent to Lim
to: in the convent is instructed by Brother Ignacio Pinuer, theologian Chilean, who learned Latin grammar, psychology and logic. He completed his religious studies as the January 28, 1790. In a document signed by one of his teachers, Fray Luis Martínez de Morentin, this says Camilo Henríquez "had a distinguished capacity and not yield to any person in its contraction to the study. Made extraordinary progress and acquired credit and esteem for his knowledge, had given preference to political research, the examination of modern authors and the cultivation of liberal ideas. " View is reinforced by the historical reconstruction of Luis Montt, which states: "The instruction was then in the convents, as in most of the schools, was weak and poor to form a fairly enlightened man ... Geography, mathematics, history, belles-lettres, were completely unknown in the classroom convent. Such studies could therefore not be applied to satisfy the spirit and researcher as Camille, and worked hard to medicine, natural sciences and social philosophy, or rather, a political science. Doeth this latest study on the books of Jean Jacques Rousseau and other French authors who, while prohibited in the English dominions were the notions that could give more accurate and true. "
The stage starts between 1796 and 1809, is shaped by historical differences, which are due to the number of prosecutions to Camilo Henríquez is faced with the Court of the Inquisition, no clutch all agree that the reasons for the prosecution was due to have books banned and devote to his reading. Leading Chilean researcher Jose Toribio Medina, argues that the friar was tried three times, first in 1796, the second in 1802, which documented in the book "History of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Chile", from which Fray Camilo clear that he was persecuted for a cause that ended in 1803, becoming clear that the monk was reading the "Social Contract" of Rousseau. And the last in 1809, it was observed that some day he asked a person who perhaps was a spy of the Inquisition, a play by Voltaire to read. Fray Camilo denied it, saying it was incompatible with their knowledge. This person turned him to the court stating that it was still banned book reader. Was not long before the Holy Office to send their deputies to the monk's cell, where it is found effectively excommunicated some books. The story continues: "Camilo was imprisoned and alacrity as the prosecution was not one of the virtues of this pious court, spent some time in the terrible dungeons of Lima. Finally, accessing to repeated instances of the parents of the Good Death, the inquisitor general was coming from La Paz to fray Bustamante, a doctor of some fame, to consider to Camilo Henríquez. Said Dr. Fray Camilo Bustamante was a Catholic whose orthodoxy could not be questioned, and the studio that made the heretical books that had been struck was on politics. " According to historical work of Peru, Manuel Palma Soriano called "Annals of the Inquisition" stated: "An Inquisition was established in his cell ... He found that the bed mattresses were stuffed with books Henríquez, and illustrated Chile was driven at once to the dungeons the Holy Office ... is likely that in 1810, was ordered to pass banished to Quito. "
In 1811 he returned to Chile, their return policy is launched on January 6, when it starts to move the manuscript "Quirino Lemáchez Proclamation," a document of her own, which urges you to vote for men capable of fighting for ideas independistas in elections for the formation of a National Congress. The proclamation was re-published in The English, of London, and in the Gaceta de Buenos Aires, Argentina. On April of that year, participates in the suffocation of the "Mutiny Figueroa." Then, on July 4, becomes the first National Congress, where he participates as a deputy alternate for Puchacay. At the request of the opening of Congress, Fray Camilo delivers a sermon that shocked the public and devout monarchist who attended a Te Deum in the Cathedral of Santiago and was partially recorded in the minutes of the sections of legislative bodies. In November, Congress promotes a curriculum that sought to organize public education, which is recognized as the initial idea of \u200b\u200bthe creation of the National Institute.
On January 16, 1812 is appointed by José Miguel Carrera Verdugo and the First Government Junta in Santiago, as editor of La Aurora de Chile, the first national newspaper, where he begins to work. Facing the issue the first leaflet is different versions, as the majority posits that took place on February 12, however, there is evidence of different types of print culmination, suggesting that there were at least three printings of the prospectus. The first numbered copy circulated on 13 February and the chronicler of the era Fray Melchor Martinez says: "There can be more expensive in words the joy that caused his establishment. Men ran through the streets with an Aurora in hand, and arresting those who were, read and reread its contents, giving the congratulations of so much happiness, and promising that the artwork and culture to transform Chile into a realm of sages. "
in La Aurora de Chile participated as collaborators Antonio José de Iris, Bernardo de Vera y Pintado, Manuel de Salas, also under the pseudonyms of Cayo Horacio Roque Harismenlic, Handin and Patrick Curinancu Canuto, wrote Fray Camilo Henríquez. The immediate success of the paper raises interest in meeting their makers and cooling problems Fray Camilo had the Holy Inquisition in Lima and are shredded his writings, and August 18, 1812, the Board appointed by the Chilean government through a decree, a commission "to formulate a draft regulation of the press", which Fray Camilo, interpreted as an act of censorship of their ideas, that responds to two decisions, the first was not to publish the decree, although by definition of "Ministerial and political" should have published it, and the second step was the publication in the issue of October 3, 1812, an extract of the speech himself translated the English poet, Milton, about freedom of the press. The newspaper is censored and the number following "La Aurora de Chile", two months later published official government censorship, and Milton's entire speech in bold letters, reviving the sentence was announced: "Since you are saying that we return to be slaves, at least us take advantage of the short time that remains for us to say goodbye to freedom. "
Another important works in which he participated as an editor was the "Provisional Constitution Order" of 1812, first constitution, work was commissioned by José Miguel Carrera, who always supported him. At this stage gives life to his first play, which is titled "The procession of fools." On Thursday April 1, 1813 goes out of print La Aurora de Chile and was born the "Monitor Araucano." Waterfront Event Vicuña Cifuentes writes: "He published La Aurora without notice or posthumous statement with reference to the reasons for his permanent absence, which makes any assumptions risky today on this subject. The fact that five days appeared after the same press, under the same wording and also as the official organ, The Monitor Araucano away all suspicion of disagreements between the Board and Henríquez and suggests that perhaps the Government anxious that the newspaper had hereinafter representation is not the same as had provoked so much resistance, with its bold theories in the timorous of the population, decided, according to Henriquez, suspend publication of the former and immediately found another official sharper, as in effect it was the Monitor, which, by its meager proportions, lent little further to go in it's work revolutionary propaganda in a comprehensive and verbose that Henriquez had been raised in Aurora. "
While the "Monitor Araucano" circulated on 23 June 1813 provides for the freedom of the press in Chile. The following month the idea of \u200b\u200bFray Camilo against the formation of a school, is expressed on 27 July when it created the National Institute of Chile, which comes into operation on 10 August. That same year he wrote "Catechism of the Patriots" and see another of his ambitions be realized: the creation of the National Library José Miguel Carrera writes for a decree establishing the monasteries in Chilean territory had schools for men and women. During 1812-1814, Fray Camilo also served as secretary of the Senate. Activity that involves and encourages to propose the abolition of the death penalty, proposing life imprisonment. It also proposes to implement a system of protection for indigenous peoples. Then a great change takes place both in national history, as in the personal life of Fray Camilo, because after the disaster of Rancagua, José Miguel Carrera (as well as many patriots) must migrate and Fray Camilo self exile in Buenos Aires, Argentina. This period from 1814 to late 1821, in the words of Amunátegui: "Camilo Henríquez was not the same man in 1814 than in 1810. The mighty monk, who had made his pen a sword to take down the portrait of Ferdinand VII, had declined. The individual whom I have known Peter the Hermit of independence, retained the strength of his lungs, but had lost faith in the immediate triumph of their cause. "During his stay in Argentina, thanks to his friend Diego Antonio Barros, could help in the drafting of the Gazeta de Buenos Aires, where he published in 1815 "Observations on some useful issues" that came into circulation in four copies in May and September. In 1817 the Cabildo of Buenos Aires is appointed to draft the newspaper El Censor "position in which he remained until February 1819. At this stage translates the" Outline of democracy "by Robert Bisset. Also writes his second drama "Camila or South American patriot" which portrays the violet repression with which they acted realistic sectors of Quito in 1809, and was first printed in 1817. The third work of the monk was "Innocence in the asylum of virtue," which fails to see published. To Henríquez the theater should be a "school of politics", with the aspiration is that way in Argentina, the "Society of good taste of theater." His ties with Chile never cut, and by Manuel de Salas, according to a long list of book titles appropriate for the National Library. Hear of its existence in Argentina has become sad, entire squad Jose Miguel Carrera, has left the journalistic work for health reasons and alone. On November 15, 1821, being in government and Supreme Director Bernardo O'Higgins, he wrote a letter through which he was invited to return to their native land: "Although this last period of freedom of Chile saved you so quiet that neither of our soil nor me has agreed in significant productions, which are always known by the inimitable sweetness and distinguish trial, I want to be the first to renew a friendship that was so kind and can be useful to the country where both were born. Many times I wanted to write to you an invitation to return, but would not offer the that was not equivalent, or better, what you enjoyed, and still waiting for the end of the war so that neither this retrajese you to come. Now, therefore, that the freedom of Peru has assured ours, now that our republic should begin to aggrandize, is when I write this to propose that comes next to his friend, to help in the arduous task of government. Knowledge and talents are needed to Chile you and me, nothing should therefore delay their arrival when the claims of friendship .[...] Whatever comfort in that you provide, I would protest that they I will provide will not be unpleasant, and especially you should not wish for greater glory than to contribute with their lights on the direction of the republic of his birth. She did not draw the concern you or not bigotry: you must help me with skill and chance to overthrow him. "
On February 8, 1822 began its journey back to Chile, however, and in 1821, Bernardo O'Higgins, By decree states: "Attended the merits and services of the regular clergy Camilo Henríquez citizen, I hereby confer on the use of military chaplain of the General Staff, with the salary assigned by regulation." Because of this, there arose a controversy between Camillo and other religious fray, and who by reason of their position in the army, Fray Camilo since his arrival from Buenos Aires left the ecclesiastical dress and begins to wear through a military and civil, which made the others look religious and faithful as an apostate. He explained the abandonment of the robe fell, with the title of chaplain of the General Staff that he had conferred
Another vote of confidence that I hand O'Higgins, before his return, was to name him on the board that was responsible for implementing the system of Lancaster Chilean schools. Through a decree issued on April 27, 1822, was appointed librarian of the National Library. He is also responsible for drafting the "Ministerial Gazette" and the formation of a paper on statistics the country, which would be published every week or two, this second publication gave a character journal, which included original studies and translated and which he called "Mercurio of Chile," which runs from May 1822 to April 1823 . Also in June 1822 he was invited to be part of a Board of Health, whose aim was to study the necessary measures to improve the health of the population and prevent the spread of diseases, prompting the development of hospitals and the restoration of hospice for the homeless. In this same period, he was appointed secretary to draft the constitutional regulation, an activity that drives him to found the newspaper "Diario de Chile convention ", which records the minutes of meetings and official documents inserted. Its activities include work in driving the creation of the General Cemetery on the legal side thanks to their efforts is deleted whipping corporal punishment and stick in the military, visit the prisons to ensure the proper administration of justice and enforcement of the amnesty law for political reasons. Another periodical publications created in the period is "The new correspondent, also writes book "Observations church and other papers," composed of two sections, one "observer church" and another called "notice which gives the people of Chile a philosopher stale "compendium of explanations given Henríquez against earthquake November 19, 1822. This seismic activity caused the ancient inhabitants of Santiago carried out various expressions of faith, many of them bloody penance, thus began a lengthy debate through the press of the time between Fray Camilo, and other clergy as the Dominican priest Tadeo Silva. Fray Camilo, citing scientific, prison disapproved attitudes of some Christians, appealing to the natural origin phenomena such as earthquakes, "which felt unnecessary to provide such a disgusting spectacle." In 1823 he was elected alternate member of Chiloé and Copiapo, his health and was delicate, however, in November of that year the government appointed him as senior officer of the Department of Foreign Affairs, a position which failed to exercise due to deteriorating health becomes irreversible until his death on March 16, 1825, leaving the Chilean collective memory as one of its great minds, and among anarchists as an advance, as it quoted him today.
(Excerpt from "Perspectives of Non-Violence")
(c) Waldemar Verdugo Fuentes, 2009

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ADVANCE GRAPHICS PIONEERS IN CHILE.

OTHER GRAPHICS PIONEERS IN CHILE. Emulating

to advance literacy Fray Camilo Henríquez, the first group of revolutionary anarchists in Chile was the Socialist Union, which was formed in 1897, but which was best expressed in the guilds especially graphics, where autonomous groups of workers so far are bastions of libertarian practices, as well as unionized workers plasterers, painters, shoemakers, bakers, stevedores, whose influence spreads to major industrial and production centers in the country. These core anarchists were a major spur to the visit to Chile's remarkable Italian anarchist Pietro Gori 1900, who gave lectures and conferences. Since then the anarchists favor the method of direct action, ie, the frontal carried out by the same workers against the employers and have as their main weapon to combat the strike, which often take a violent, given the harassment State and its repressive apparatus and employers and their powers against the demands of workers. In general, workers' protests were in response bullets police, military and bourgeois. Examples of this are emblematic killings occurred during the strike of the port of Valparaiso in 1903, which are killed fifty workers; Santiago Red Week in 1905, where the people are mobilized to protest the meat prices, falling 250 neighbors, and the infamous slaughter of Santa María de Iquique School in 1907.
By then, the anarchist Creoles see no need to establish an anarchist revolutionary political organization, and intend on the contrary, that trade unions take positions "party" characteristic of the revolutionary political organization. This conception anarcho-syndicalist, which combines the roles of the mass organization with political organization (which is not to say that mass organizations are not appropriate to assume a revolutionary role or positions such), it remains to this day, firmly rooted in the anarchist movement in Chile, which features one of its tasks has been the anti-militarist, in fact one of the first mass activities convened by the anarchists was popular protest against the establishment of compulsory military service in 1900. Played an important role in the formation in 1905 of the Federation of Chile, he faced strong resistance from the state and economic powers, but found strong support from Christian groups who, since then, and in some difficult times the country sets have acted decisively to support the people when it has been helpless. In Chile, the pioneer anarchist propaganda is starring local agitators, as Magno Espinosa, Luis Olea, Víctor Soto Román, Esteban Cavieres, Carmen Herrera, among those who left writings are studied today. However, it should include some foreign and Italian anarchists Lombardozzi, who supported the workers' organizations, and the crazed English stabbed Ramon Antonio (in 1914) to General Silva Renard, who had ordered the killing of the Santa Maria school seven years before he was murdered his half brother Mauricio Vaca, shot between the 3600 workers within the school in Iquique. One of the anarchists stabbed, forced the general to wear a patch over his eye until his death. On entering the decade of 1910, will hold a steady rise of the anarchists and their organizational activity. But most remarkable is that this time the anarchists extend their influence beyond the syndicalism. In 1914 he organized the "League of Tenants, an organization of character that will carry out protest the demands of tenants for tenements, on issues such as abusive lease payments, poor hygiene, overcrowding ... Even negative mass will be held to pay rent in protest against poor living conditions. Therefore, we consider the anarchists as a precursor not only of the union in our country but also of organizations "population." Also increase the influence of the anarchists in the student groups and by the end of this decade, the anarchist presence will be felt very strong on the date (Student Federation of Chile, an organization of college and high school students of the era, Only then will student organization at the University of Chile) as well as in organizing a number of anarchist groups of students, being perhaps one of the most important strongholds, the Faculty of Medicine, University Chile, where the group will act Lux. In turn, this time his appearance will be a number of groups that arise organically emancipation of women. Although this issue was not foreign to early-century anarchism, is at this time formed a series of "Women's Unions which are staffed by women in the struggle for equal rights with men.
When in 1909 he founded the United Federation, which will then be known as the Foch (Federación Obrera de Chile) anarchist influence many unions involved in it, but here are manifest differences between workers of the socialist influence of libertarians. This means that many anarchists take distance of the Foch and away forever when in 1912, with the formation of POS (Partido Obrero Socialista), the Foch union is like the face of this political group. The profound differences between the political expressions of the working class, have an impact on their unions. Anarchists seek their own path to the unity of the companies in resistance. Already in 1911 the area workers had formed the FOM Magallanes (Magallanes), where socialist and anarchist tendencies coexist, but where the influence of the latter will be progressively increased over the course of the decade to become a federation features definitely libertarian. In 1913 Forch is formed to bring together companies in the libertarian resistance. By late 1919, calling a great Labor Congress in Santiago, where delegates attending multiple cities (Talca, Concepción, Valparaíso, Corral, Antofagasta, Iquique, etc ....), apart from the capital, which give birth to the Chilean section of the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World, Industrial Workers of the World), with solid principles class and come on very strong in all the popular movement of the time. Its mission statement began by saying "Among the working class and the capitalist class, there is nothing in common," to finish by stating that with the industrial organization of workers formed the structure of the new society within the shell of the old. Among its explicit purposes, was the struggle against the state, capitalism, the system of wage labor and to combat religious prejudice among the masses. Control methods were direct action, sabotage and strikes. Raised the need to take the fight head-on against the capitalist system. Among its media organs will be "Direct Action" (James), "The Proletariat" (Talca), "Mar y Tierra" (Valparaiso), among other minor or guilds. Among its most prominent leaders will Armando Trivedi, the "milico" who will be their first secretary general, Juan Onofre Chamorro, a prominent leader and activist Guild port stevedores, Juan Demarchi, carpenter workers of Italian origin and instructed in the "social question" to the teenager Dr. Salvador Allende, Augusto Pinto, and students Domingo Gómez Rojas and John Gandy. Can not think of any event, the creation of this agency association, said a mechanical copying of the experience of struggle by workers elsewhere in the world, not the creation of the IWW in Chile was the result of maturation organizational experience and struggle of the working class itself since the late Chilean century through the societies in resistance. He came to crown the process of union work begun by people like Magno Espinoza and Luis Olea begun the century. In addition, this organization in Chile, representing the necessary convergence of workers throughout the world on an international basis, to confront a global system such as capitalism. Consistent with internationalism, the organization participated in 1925 in the second congress in Amsterdam, the new International Court of anarcho syndicalist Workers, founded in Berlin in 1922.
While disputes between Foch and Wobblies and anarchists, often with foundations and others by pure sectarianism (with socialism historically attacked the anarchist communism) could hinder the progress of the movement, actually in practice and in many strikes, the requirements imposed by the action itself facilitated the effective coordination between the two worker groups. Similarly, there were social spaces in which anarchists and Foch had been able to work, as the House of Food Workers (1918), a body which raised urgent questions of the popular movement, as the cost of living. The anarchists also put in place strong worker-student unity. Thus, the secretary of the Congress of 1919 notes that result in the IWW, is the Domingo Gómez Rojas student, and as for the student strikes by the University Reform in 1922, the IWW movement folds. We can also see consistently score of "sympathy" in the assemblies of the date, to the IWW and the FOM. In 1926, there is a split in the libertarian movement with the founding of the Forch, at the initiative of the workers graphics and a small group of unions not represented on the IWW. This, of greater affinity with the model of federation of unions (model followed by the FORA in Argentina), and as a result of sectarian disputes with a minimum group of anarchists "principled" that pervade the discussion and kept in pure positions, which over time, produce a departure from the anarchists of his social base.
The strikes took place during this period, but the patterns were much softer than at the beginning of the century in its treatment of workers "rebels" pioneers: in 1913 occurs in the port of Valparaiso "strike the monkey" against the obligation to train workers to be photographed, and that aim was to crack down on activists, in 1917 declaring a general strike of dockers, in 1919 began a series of strike action by the eight hours of work, the same Puerto Natales year during the strike of workers in the fridge Bories, opens fire strikers causing death (the town of Puerto Natales "), in 1920 the IWW called for a General Strike in Santiago by the eight-hour day and against the high cost of living, in 1921 killed 130 workers in the office nitrate "San Gregorio" victims of repression to the strike, in 1925, produces striking workers killing in La Coruña, south of Iquique. But as a result of this strike activity, significant progress was achieved in the living conditions of workers are matched to the eight hours, Sunday rest is achieved, is achieved employers' liability for accidents at work, regulating the night work, among other achievements, but above all is achieved strengthen the awareness of workers, it can be shown that the unity, organization and control are the keys to success and is achieved by questioning the very capitalist system in the working world.
The anarchists of this period also made two international campaigns with deep repercussions for people of that period: the campaign to defend the Russian Revolution, which is enthusiastically greeted by Chilean anarchists. Even an owner of the "Verba Roja" goes on to say that the dictatorship of the proletariat is coming of anarchist communism. Unfortunately the subsequent course of events, will quickly dispel doubts about the bureaucratic nature who took the revolution, and how the power of the soviets, the genuine expression of the working class and the Russian peasantry, passed into the power of the Bolshevik party dictatorship over the masses. The other campaign, the release of the Italian anarchists in the U.S., Sacco and Vanzetti, which, despite widespread protests and campaigns for their freedom in the world, die in the electric chair in 1927. As it grows
anarchist influence, also began to grow repression revolutionary groups gained an increasing influence in the pop world. So in 1918 we drafted a law on residence that serves as an excuse to expel multiple agitators country's foreign-born anarchists, but of long residence in the country, like Achilles Lemire, Casimiro Barrios, etc. The same year he imprisoned the editor of the anarchist newspaper "The Red Verba, Rebosio July for refusing to do military service, which is subjected to horrific abuse and torture themselves for times of the Inquisition. We also see many raids on local workers and unfounded accusations of "bomb" to the anarchist Creoles. In 1911 he made a police set that, in order to avoid the repression of anarchists, police put dynamite in a convent. Also between 1923 and 1924 there will be a wave of "discoveries" fraudulent of dynamite into the headquarters of the IWW in Iquique and Santiago, mainly, which will serve as an excuse to plunder the premises and prosecute a motion for purely political reasons. Similarly, in 1920, he made the famous "War of Don Ladislao" Ladislao Errazuriz, then Minister of War, ordered the mobilization of troops to the north and puts on a show of danger of war with Bolivia and Peru. This succeeds in creating a climate of patriotic fever that serves to distract the masses of the critical social situation, and is used to justify the mounting repression of the anarchists and the IWW, accused of being financed by the Peruvian gold. It takes time, later one of the processes more unfair and shameful in the history of the country, looting and attacks that the premises of the date, of the IWW, it destroys the anarchist press Númen was imprisoned and tortured hundreds of the most prominent anarchist of the time (many had to go underground then.) As a result of this process, torture victim dies the student Domingo Gomez Rojas. Also that same year (1920) there is fire in the premises of the FOM in Punta Arenas (as a backlash to the killing of workers in Patagonia, Argentina) where 306 workers die. This crackdown will end with the establishment of the dictatorship of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo in 1927, when it is anarchism harshly repressed, inarticulate, many of its activists are imprisoned, expelled, shot, tortured and exiled.
During the first three decades of the twentieth century Chilean anarchist movement reached its highest level of visibility and influence on the labor movement, calling for mass demonstrations, general strikes and sectoral meetings and violent protests against capitalism and the bourgeois state. In 1926 came the Regional Workers Federation of Chile (Forch), affiliated to the anarchist international, Industrial Workers of the World. The influence of the libertarian movement was present in the student sector and among intellectuals and artists, particularly in the so-called generation 1920. In the 1930's, the anarchist movement came into open conflict with other ideological currents, as radicals, socialists and communists, which led to a legal unions dependent on political parties. Anarchists, by contrast, anarcho-syndicalism advocated a free, independent and state laws. The Labour Code, enacted in 1931, eventually integrating the unions the legal system to regulate labor disputes, and eventually undermine the influence of anarchism on the unions. After the dictatorship of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, the anarchists were collapsed into the General Confederation of Workers (CGT), but despite the efforts made to repudiate the new partnership, they could not prevent the consolidation of legal unions. Although in 1953 participated in the creation of the Unitary Workers Central (CUT), a few years after they had lost their influence on national labor movements. After this date, remains a presence in Chile attenuated and low real organization but anyway. A presence that seems to wake up between 1970 and 1973, during the government of Salvador Allende, which is then suppressed, and increases in the final stages of the struggle against the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, who at an end, in the decade of 1990 marked the possibility that anarchism emerged as a force that in the traditional Chilean left was completely forgotten. Until then be "anarchist" was synonymous with being a kind of weird. But anarchism began to look for a bit of a political current, that regardless of what one might think about it, has every right to exist. Among current
core anarcho-syndicalist Workers Solidarity can locate Concepcion, connected to the AIT, and Germinal Anarchist Group, the town of Penco. Further development groups seem to have "specified" means the Libertarian Communist Organization, the Collective Unrest Libertarian of Arica, the Libertarian Movement of Temuco Joaquin Murieta, the Frente de Estudiantes Libertarians and Man and Society magazine. But we find that the largest category is those nourished groups of counter-action, the distributor and seal Disobedience, DSOBDC Editions, the fanzine Akción Direkt, the Anarchist Punk Anti Kolectivo Valparaiso, the band misrule, the Radial also punks Therapy The Organic Anarchist Idea, the anarchist collective Maldita Cruz, poisoning, noise Libertarian Copiapo, Rebel Ñuñoa Libertarian, Anarchy and a rose, Bomber, Anarchist Collective Antofagasta Urban Project, the New End and the Subversion web. And at least two feminist groups: Creative Women and Amazon to Choke. In terms of performance typical of those nuclei whose main focus is constituted by the repressive state institutions specifically mention the Goke antiwar groups and not uniform and helmet or group of political prisoners Kamina Libre. For its part, the groups "self" as the collective Libertarian Hope in the borough of High Bridge, Black Flag of Santiago, La Serena Way Libertarian, Libertarian Organization J @!, The Libertarian Youth Coordinator, Action Kolectivo antifascist Red Anarchist Anarchist Revolution Stream South, among others.
should not call attention to the immediate realization that the model organization to build and distinctive practices is one of the main points of disagreement. In a way, we can say that this disagreement refers in the years immediately preceding the experience of the Anarchist Communist Unity Congress, a premature attempt to convergence of the current cycle ended in 2003 and of which only fragments survive their . That same year 2003 dates the separation between the Libertarian Communist Organisation (OCL) and the current Anarchist Revolution (CRA), adding in 2005 the division organized Anarchist Front (FAO) said this in a way just to name fragments which maintained a presence collective.
During the Libertarian Hermeneutics Congress held at the University of Santiago de Chile (Usach) 6 and 7 December 2007, it was anarchism. In Congress there was no strictly hermeneutic but only in the sober realization spaces of the School of Journalism is an empirical Usach more confirmation of the progressive host the anarchist theme has received in academic circles in various Latin American countries. Say, without going into tedious details of enumeration, the papers covered itself with the diversity and originality of the case, much of the subject that anarchists tend to frequent in these events: the situation of the movement in the world, reread the classics, Chilean historical research, the formulation of certain theoretical problems, features, and the foundations of a self-managed economy, the recovery of the feminine contributions, reflection on communicative methods, pedagogy libertarian anarchist approaches in literature and visual arts, etcetera. Anarchists maintain an individualistic principle of freedom of association and separation, saying that as the supreme value for man's individual freedom, every man is entitled not to obey any other man, to act only as their own discretion. Which contradicts the rule that contracts must be honored, the man being an anarchist is always free to waive any social contract ... dissenting statements so far has led to different actions of those who call themselves anarchists, they can be said of anyone looking for an excuse to impose by force and violently their ideas. It is notable, moreover, noted that in practice the contemporary anarchist theory does not apply its rejection of any authority in their own organization, tightly formed with authorities require strict discipline, which usually leads to the formation of new groups separate from the common trunk. Also when you see how these groups often use irrational violence, killing innocent people who happen to come across a place liable to a pump, for example, a perfectly clear that anyone who does not respect the lives of others is because it respects its own, is say, is more than clear of any ideal of a just society can only be formed by people who respect the principle to be respected. You can not expect to reap something different from what has been sown. The successor of Bakunin, Kropotkin, saw these contradictions anarchists and added to their crop to the doctrine that statements such as the supreme law of human evolution is to come "from a less happy state happy as possible" and others as vague as their inspiration. Unlike Bakunin, rejects private property in any way, supports only the social ownership, and names his system "anarchist communism" in which the entire society puts the common products available to all, Marx rescuing the supreme law of the production and final distribution "to each according to his ability, to each according to his need." Admittedly
anarchist doctrine in a large dose of idealism. Like communism part of a rebellion against the alienation of man being his ideal human development, only possible society being constituted by free men, which has led politicians like Lenin to describe anarchism as a "revolutionary infantilism." Referring to the denial of any authority, Engels said his famous phrase: "How do you imagine these people who could run a railway or a ship without direction? This they have not ever explained. " In any case, the violence used by the extreme left or the extreme right have served only to install most oppressive regimes that fought. This has led to enact anti-anarchist laws in European countries since before 1870. In our continent, the first is the year 1902: during the "Second International American Conference, a treaty was signed extradition and anti-anarchism, signed by 16 States, North and Latin American countries except Brazil. We can say that anarchism was not historically and does not take anything any viable results. Justify a violent attack with a dubious sense of justice is irresponsible. Where is the title of legitimacy for any judge to enact violence? Can not be represented in a class without a base operated legal support for that are contracts, which, of course, should be kept away as possible from the danger of arbitrariness, because reaching a fair contract, that is rational is principal means to achieve revolutionary changes we are all determined to perform. Being essential to understand that the solution to world problems is that everyone does their job well.
is said that the lectures at the University of Santiago in 2007 had more flavor to the Latin American revolutionary left of the 60 and 70 than anything else. Things like repeated conceive of themselves as a "party" that is among its tasks "political literacy of the social bases around the understanding of the whole", with a mission to "guide, lead and educate," which role is "irreplaceable in the current order of things" and that "should aim at raising the levels stage development of awareness for the implementation of people's power is real. " For more in common with the left seventies, the "party" also raises "the banner of popular sovereignty and the struggle of liberation against imperialism and its allies." Affirmation latter tweaked a few days after referring in this case to "fight popular sovereignty and liberation against our common enemy, imperialism and the state, "although no one said, specifically at the theoretical and following the establishment of a relationship of equality, if the Chilean government is perceived as an" ally "of" imperialism " or is also considered an agency of domination statute. There were questions unanswered or not answered we knew interpret. How Does the theory or action? Does the formation of ideas or propaganda by deeds? So far there seems to be about a latent difference but still fraternal, for example between those who are more inclined to reflection and theoretical elaboration and those who favor immediate agitation and confrontation. A common expression is the work between the library and library Emma Goldman and those seeking to revitalize the Institute for Anarchist Studies, who have produced work of historical recreation and caring attention to the problems of the Mapuche people, experiences in the field of counter-information and counter-actions in the field, as those who write graffiti on the walls of the city center where it says: "Lee Bakunin." Neither historical writing or in spoken or written there is an anarchist ideology defined the way they think to give the "power" once conquered, because their concepts of final ideal society are so vague that it can withstand analysis. From Bakunin and Kropotkin crawl qualified political analysts concepts of "simplistic" reject any authority therefore preach need for the immediate destruction of the current state, whatever, including the possible state after the anarchist revolution, up to a classless society, the last phase without any transition. Believe that once brought down the ruling class, the workers will be able to manage their businesses themselves and the whole social economy, without direction from a central authority, which was one of the causes of radical opposition to them expressed by Marx and Engels . For Bakunin the supreme law of social life is the evolutionary progress of mankind, a law so vague that principle is accepted by all. To achieve this "evolutionary progress" Bakunin proposed to reject the State and the Positive law because the state would correspond to a lower stage of human evolution (and would also be a product of religion). He states that the State should cease to make way for a social life, whose only legal rule is that "contracts must be honored," something also so logical that it is commonplace, as well as preaching to his social philosophy only in society (or "social life") the man can achieve the realization of human essence, that the standards accepted by the "general will" must be applied if necessary by force (without claiming Bakunin or any other ) what would such a force, in the absence of state power or any authority. Anarchist society would be based on associations and federations increasingly broad, ranging from unions to the municipalities, provinces, countries, regions to the global human society, something that Bakunin undoubtedly shows visionary if we consider the virtual network of the Internet that are weaving all, no matter where we live, that even in the future from the stars beyond weaving. Which might suggest that in future the role of authority is less important, but, considering the further development requires a division of labor increasing, not can operate without some central direction, but think of the total self without authority is a perfect utopia. It is true that today, with current technology and instant communication for the first time ever the conditions are to deliver all the benefits of civilization and culture. But structural changes are necessary, economic, social and political, which is only beginning to see, but I am convinced that the changes we need to do is not at all necessary to use violence of any kind and any doctrine that claims otherwise is an abuse and outdated.
An Anarchist Summit was held in Santiago between Monday 16 and Monday, November 23, 2009, authorized by the authorities, particularly in developing very civilized. As part of the events on Wednesday 18, a group of no more than forty people, symbolically, rushed into the jail concession of Santiago with stones and scratched, affirming their rejection of the principle of penance in jail that destroys the family, and the implementation of punishment in education and work for the community, aspiring to that, first of all, all families have access to work that provides basic needs of food, housing and clothing. Demanding immediate release of all young people continue to live in this prison, in exchange for compulsory education in schools as a political gesture from the authorities. The police guarding the former Penitentiary warned firing into the air just a couple of times, while a group of police arrived with shields and water cannons to disperse the demonstrators, should not suffer any attack. It was all very normal: the anarchists made their symbolic act, threw stones, scratched a couple of walls, and threw his pamphlets into the air, the gendarmes watching everything from windows and high alertness, the police also prepared to intervene launched a pair of jets of water into the air, but in an instant, everything was scattered and what each has done what he should do, no one arrested or injured. On Friday 20, an anonymous caller alerted the Metro subway bomb a busy station, where they formed a jam, so that the end was a box with protruding wires that dramatic a pamphlet conteníía alluding to the anarchist cause in letters cut where is read, the more or less: "This could be a real bomb." On Sunday 22, before the final closing session on Monday, focusing mainly on studies like all anarchist Santiago Summit in 2009, was held a silent march through downtown Santiago, without the presence of security forces. Was incident and any dissolved exposing the protesters ended their views between groups living conversationalists in the first block of Ahumada, and others joined the chess players next to the pergola Copper Square. Among the studies, as that was the point of reflection on the meeting held at the University of Santiago de Chile in 2007, it was concluded that ultra priority was to find a solution that involves criminal groups using the old violence, be attributed of them pulling the end of their anarchist pamphlets false crimes.
The Summit was particularly significant that Mapuche organizations based in Santiago struggling with the same momentum in the south, but with more ideas, education and without shock. Manuel Calfiu (27), leader of the autonomous organization Meli wixan Mapu, struggle daily from Santiago for the same reasons as the rest of the Mapuche: the restitution of lands for millennia, they say, they have belonged, respect rights human and collective autonomy and ultimate purpose, self-determination, ie, as an indigenous people they take care of their conflicts and problems without simultaneously be removed from the Chilean government, essentially retaining only its own national roots springing from the depths of the country, and that instead of being cut, it must preserve at all costs exalting their difference, which is not something that should prevent migration to the capital, if they wish, without them it means losing their land down south, and to be shared as much of the Chilean , take the metro and visit La Moneda and sell their crafts without being treated as migrants who come from Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia and neighboring countries. "In the end one is Chilean as anyone," says Manuel Calfiu, who had migrated to Santiago is not by choice: "My parents came from the south not by choice. They came proceeds of plunder the country for the military invasion in the peace process, as called him, apologizing to cast off by arguing that we take up arms when we had no weapons. For a Mapuche from their land is like an exile, you see. " However, he acknowledges that in his case, which for its biggest pain has been a long, for he has been an opportunity to study and fight for his people: "Santiago is a great platform because it is a scenario that helps us express our demands for an intelligent and organized, using Chilean law in the hope that they will be satisfied if it is the truth. Of course, the Mapuche organizations that call to arms in the south are now far from being respected by all of us, even more so that unites us than divides us, some we have them as reference, which does not make us indifferent, what happens is that now we are struggling with the same weapons used by the Chilean law, when faced with ears policy deaf and trigger-happy, it's becoming more obsolete, and we trust and act thinking it so. "Mapu wixan Meli Group has its own form of struggle. Using cinema courses Mapudungun Mapuche and attempt to bring culture to people, because they believe that the main reason for the discrimination that exists against them, is the ignorance that Chilean citizens have about their customs. Are certain that this is where you have to work. In addition, call for media and ordinary citizens to its activities through its website, as they did on Oct. 12 at Plaza Italia, to express the rejection of "Race Day" event to which came hundreds of people. Manuel says: "To say that the Mapuche movement is armed is a mistake, because it is a social movement and mass, which should be committed to all the people."
Another group of young Mapuche Anarchist Summit recognized as an example of civilization are the group Wechekeche Ñi trawün, who from Santiago, and, for example, through music, with infectious rhythms and lyrics, looking to expand awareness of Chileans to understand the Mapuche cause. Gloria says Pulkillanka (21), a member of Wechekeche: "We inform music, call to youth to be recognized as the Mapuche and realize the reality that our people live united by blood worthy Mapuche. Before we were lazy, alcoholic and now then call us terrorists. Stigmatize us to justify the theft of our lands and traditions, "he says, alluding to the treatment they receive from the national media. Through gigs and selling CDs they produce, this group of Mapuche music broadcasts its message to let people know what's happening in southern Chile with his people and aware of what appears in no issued share. Says: "We do not share the idea of \u200b\u200boccupying the weapons to be heard," recognizing that a fundamental part of their struggle is to raise awareness of legal and practical help needed by families and communities living in precarious conditions, especially in the IX Region, Chile this situation is critical. Since this way of drawing attention to Santiago through the music, a valid way to fight, because as one of his songs, "for a Mapuche defeat is not the only keep fighting." They are men and women committed to the struggle for a better and fairer world, which is not manifested through fighting but by culture and your best tool: education.
The Summit Anarchist, as performed in USACH 2007, a new element was composed of presentations geared to leave raised some points of convergence with anarchist thought from the human and Christian vision, which stated that although throughout history many Christians and anarchists have fought each other, if we observe the anarchist theory and practice of early Christians can be found obvious communicating vessels. The differences between the two political movements are clear. First, the part of preaching Christianity in the existence of God and denies anarchism. Second, especially during the nineteenth and twentieth century, members of the two sides fought furiously. Suffice tragic example the case of the English Civil War. However, it is questionable whether these clashes have nothing to do with strategic institutional positions rather than essential ideological differences. More specifically with the process that leads to religious organizations to identify with the prevailing social and political order of the day (which is medieval feudal system paradigm) and, therefore, to oppose any emancipating human movement as it undoubtedly is anarchism. But increasingly, the line between human beings is constituted by the proclamation explicit the existence of God or denial but by adherence to or rejection of certain fundamental human values. Or as the English Catholic writer GK Chesterton with fine irony: "The problem is not with those who believe in nothing but those who believe everything."
(Excerpt from "Perspectives of Non-Violence")
(c) Waldemar Verdugo Fuentes, 2009